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AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 7

Free AP Human Geography Tests

Home AP Practice Tests AP Human Geography Vocabulary Tests Unit 7 Vocabulary Test

AP Human Geography Vocabulary Tests

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AP Human Geography Unit 7 Vocabulary Test

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Question 1 of 55

1. Question

In the late 1700s, British textile makers replaced hand spinning and weaving with water- and steam-powered machines housed in large mills, and within decades the same shift transformed iron production, transportation, and manufacturing across Europe and North America. This transformation is the

Second Agricultural Revolution
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Industrial Revolution
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Green Revolution
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Fordist transition
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Question 2 of 55

2. Question

Since 1980, South Korea, Vietnam, and Bangladesh have each shifted from economies based mostly on farming to ones in which factories producing electronics, cars, and clothing employ millions of workers and account for a growing share of output. The process these countries are undergoing is

industrialization
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deindustrialization
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economic restructuring
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agglomeration
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Question 3 of 55

3. Question

A century ago, automobiles were built on assembly lines where each worker repeated one task on a standardized product in a giant factory; today a carmaker uses small, flexible teams, outsources parts to suppliers worldwide, and changes models quickly in response to demand. The older and newer systems of production are, respectively,

post-Fordism and Fordism
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industrialization and deindustrialization
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Fordism and post-Fordism
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agglomeration and deglomeration
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Question 4 of 55

4. Question

Workers on an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, miners in a Chilean copper mine, fishermen off the coast of Alaska, and wheat farmers in Kansas all extract raw materials directly from the natural environment. These jobs belong to the

secondary sector
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tertiary sector
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quaternary sector
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primary sector
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Question 5 of 55

5. Question

At a plant in Tennessee, workers assemble steel, glass, rubber, and electronics into finished automobiles; at a mill in Georgia, raw cotton is spun into thread and woven into cloth. These jobs belong to the

primary sector
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secondary sector
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tertiary sector
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quinary sector
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Question 6 of 55

6. Question

A retail clerk at a department store, a nurse at a hospital, a truck driver delivering packages, and a teacher at a public school all provide services rather than producing physical goods. These jobs belong to the

secondary sector
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quaternary sector
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tertiary sector
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primary sector
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Question 7 of 55

7. Question

A software engineer at a technology company, a research scientist at a pharmaceutical firm, a financial analyst at an investment bank, and a data specialist at a consulting firm all work primarily with information and knowledge. These jobs belong to the

tertiary sector
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quaternary sector
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quinary sector
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secondary sector
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Question 8 of 55

8. Question

The chief executive of a multinational corporation, a cabinet secretary setting national policy, a university president, and a central bank governor make the highest-level decisions that direct economies and institutions. These positions belong to the

quaternary sector
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tertiary sector
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quinary sector
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executive sector
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Question 9 of 55

9. Question

At the Port of Rotterdam, iron ore arrives in ships, is unloaded onto barges and trains for transport inland, and several steel mills have located right at the harbor to process the ore where it changes from one form of transportation to another. Rotterdam functions as a

growth pole
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break-of-bulk point
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central place
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export processing zone
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Question 10 of 55

10. Question

In 1909, a German economist argued that a manufacturer will choose the factory location that minimizes the combined cost of transporting raw materials to the plant and finished goods to the market, adjusted for differences in labor cost and the benefits of clustering with other firms. This explanation of industrial location is

central place theory
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bid-rent theory
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least cost theory
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the von Thünen model
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Question 11 of 55

11. Question

Copper ore is only about 1 percent metal, so a smelter that removes the waste rock before shipping is built right next to the mine in Arizona rather than near the customers who buy the refined copper. This industry is

bulk-gaining
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labor-intensive
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market-oriented
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bulk-reducing
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Question 12 of 55

12. Question

A soft-drink company ships concentrated syrup to dozens of bottling plants located in or near major cities, where it is mixed with local water and packaged into heavy cases of bottles and cans for delivery to nearby stores. The bottling industry is

bulk-reducing
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bulk-gaining
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raw-material-oriented
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footloose
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Question 13 of 55

13. Question

Hundreds of software companies, venture capital firms, and chip designers cluster in Silicon Valley, where they share a pool of skilled engineers, specialized suppliers, and law firms, and where ideas and workers move easily between companies. This clustering of related businesses is

deglomeration
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agglomeration
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decentralization
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economies of scale
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Question 14 of 55

14. Question

After decades of growth, companies in a crowded technology hub begin relocating to other cities because office rents and salaries there have soared, traffic is paralyzing, and the housing shortage makes it impossible to recruit workers. This movement of firms away from a crowded cluster is

agglomeration
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deindustrialization
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deglomeration
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outsourcing
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Question 15 of 55

15. Question

A garment factory in Bangladesh employs 3,000 workers sewing shirts by hand at low wages, while a chemical plant in Germany produces its output with a few dozen technicians overseeing hundreds of millions of dollars of automated equipment. The garment factory and the chemical plant are, respectively,

capital-intensive and labor-intensive
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labor-intensive and capital-intensive
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bulk-gaining and bulk-reducing
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secondary and quaternary
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Question 16 of 55

16. Question

Economists add up the value of every car, haircut, software license, and bushel of corn produced within Mexico’s borders in a year, regardless of whether the producing company is Mexican or foreign-owned, and arrive at a total of about $1.8 trillion. This figure is Mexico’s

gross national product
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gross domestic product
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gross national income
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national wealth
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Question 17 of 55

17. Question

To Ireland’s domestic output, economists add the profits that Irish companies earn from factories in Poland and the wages Irish citizens earn working abroad, while subtracting the profits that American tech firms send home from their Irish operations. The resulting figure is Ireland’s

gross domestic product
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human development index
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gross national product
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balance of trade
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Question 18 of 55

18. Question

The World Bank reports that the average resident of Switzerland has an annual income of about $95,000, while the average resident of Burundi has about $240, after accounting for all the income earned by each country’s residents and dividing by population. The measure being compared is

GDP per capita
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GNI per capita
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the Human Development Index
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purchasing power
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Question 19 of 55

19. Question

In Lagos, a licensed accountant pays taxes on her salary and contributes to a pension, while across the street a street vendor sells phone cards for cash, keeps no records, pays no taxes, and has no legal protections. The accountant and the vendor work in, respectively, the

tertiary and primary sectors
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informal and formal economies
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formal and informal economies
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quaternary and tertiary sectors
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Question 20 of 55

20. Question

The United Nations ranks countries each year using a single score that combines life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and income per person, so that a country with high incomes but poor health and education does not rank at the top. This composite measure is the

Gender Inequality Index
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gross national income
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Human Development Index
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quality of life index
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Question 21 of 55

21. Question

The United Nations also calculates a score for each country that reflects the gap between women and men in maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates, in seats held in parliament and years of education, and in participation in the labor force. This measure is the

Human Development Index
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Gender Inequality Index
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dependency ratio
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Gender Development Index
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Question 22 of 55

22. Question

In Niger, only about one-third of adults can read and write a simple sentence, compared with 99 percent in Japan, a gap that limits Niger’s workers to low-skill jobs and its citizens’ access to information. The measure being compared is the

literacy rate
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educational attainment index
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school enrollment ratio
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human capital rate
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Question 23 of 55

23. Question

Besides income, development analysts compare countries by the number of doctors per 1,000 people, the share of births attended by trained health workers, and how many children each woman has, because these figures reveal the quality of life and the status of women more directly than money does. These measures are examples of

economic indicators of development
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social indicators of development
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gender inequality measures
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demographic transition stages
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Question 24 of 55

24. Question

A bank in Bangladesh lends $150 to a woman with no collateral so she can buy a sewing machine and start a tailoring business, and she repays the loan in small weekly installments while her income triples. This type of lending is

microfinance
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foreign direct investment
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development aid
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fair trade
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Question 25 of 55

25. Question

In 1960, an American economist proposed that every country passes through the same five stages, beginning as a traditional agricultural society, building transportation and banking, experiencing a takeoff of rapid industrial growth, diversifying its economy, and finally reaching an age of high mass consumption, as the United States and Western Europe had. This model is

world systems theory
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dependency theory
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Rostow's stages of economic growth
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the demographic transition model
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Question 26 of 55

26. Question

A sociologist argued that the world economy is a single system in which wealthy industrialized nations dominate, a middle group of industrializing countries both exploits and is exploited, and poor countries supply raw materials and cheap labor, so that the position of each country depends on its relationship to the others. This model is

Rostow's stages of economic growth
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Wallerstein's world systems theory
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least cost theory
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the international division of labor
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Question 27 of 55

27. Question

In Wallerstein’s model, the United States, Japan, and Germany control high-value industries and finance; Brazil, China, and Mexico manufacture goods for the wealthy nations while extracting resources from poorer ones; and Chad, Haiti, and Nepal export raw materials and depend on outside investment. These three groups are, respectively, the

periphery, semi-periphery, and core
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core, periphery, and semi-periphery
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semi-periphery, core, and periphery
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core, semi-periphery, and periphery
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Question 28 of 55

28. Question

Economists in Latin America argued that their countries remained poor not because they had failed to modernize but because centuries of colonialism and unequal trade had locked them into exporting cheap raw materials and importing expensive manufactured goods from wealthy nations, draining their wealth. This argument is

Rostow's stages of economic growth
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dependency theory
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neoliberalism
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comparative advantage
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Question 29 of 55

29. Question

More than 80 percent of Nigeria’s export earnings come from crude oil, so when world oil prices fell by half between 2014 and 2016, the government’s budget collapsed, the currency lost value, and the economy fell into recession. Nigeria’s situation illustrates

commodity dependence
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comparative advantage
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neocolonialism
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the resource curse theory
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Question 30 of 55

30. Question

Because its climate and cheap labor allow Costa Rica to grow coffee at a lower relative cost than it could build computers, while the opposite is true for Taiwan, both countries are better off if Costa Rica specializes in coffee, Taiwan specializes in electronics, and they trade. The principle at work is

complementarity
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economies of scale
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comparative advantage
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the international division of labor
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Question 31 of 55

31. Question

Saudi Arabia has vast oil reserves but must import almost all of its food, while Brazil produces enormous quantities of soybeans and beef but imports much of its fuel; the two countries trade heavily because each has what the other lacks. This mutual relationship is

comparative advantage
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complementarity
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commodity dependence
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economies of scale
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Question 32 of 55

32. Question

In the 1990s, Argentina sold off state-owned airlines, railways, and utilities to private companies, eliminated most tariffs, cut government spending, and opened its markets to foreign investment, following the advice of international lenders. The set of policies Argentina adopted is called

dependency theory
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protectionism
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neoliberalism
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import substitution
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Question 33 of 55

33. Question

Under an agreement among the United States, Mexico, and Canada, cars, grain, and electronics move across their shared borders with few or no tariffs, and companies build supply chains that span all three countries. This agreement creates a

supranational government
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free trade agreement
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special economic zone
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customs union
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Question 34 of 55

34. Question

To protect its domestic steel industry from cheaper foreign competition, a government imposes a 25 percent tax on all imported steel, raising the price that domestic buyers pay for foreign steel. This tax is a

quota
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subsidy
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sanction
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tariff
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Question 35 of 55

35. Question

When the United States accused China of unfairly subsidizing its solar panel manufacturers, it filed a complaint with the international body that sets the rules for global trade, hears disputes between member nations, and can authorize penalties against countries that break the rules. This organization is the

International Monetary Fund
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World Bank
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World Trade Organization
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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Question 36 of 55

36. Question

When Argentina could no longer pay its foreign debts in 2018, it received a $57 billion emergency loan from an international institution on the condition that it cut government spending, raise taxes, and reduce its budget deficit. This institution is the

World Bank
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International Monetary Fund
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World Trade Organization
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United Nations Development Programme
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Question 37 of 55

37. Question

An international institution lends Ethiopia $500 million at low interest to build a hydroelectric dam, fund rural schools, and expand irrigation, with the goal of reducing poverty over the long term rather than resolving a short-term crisis. This institution is the

International Monetary Fund
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World Trade Organization
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African Union
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World Bank
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Question 38 of 55

38. Question

In 2020, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Venezuela, Nigeria, and nine other oil-producing countries agreed to cut their combined production by nearly 10 million barrels a day in order to raise falling world oil prices. The organization through which they coordinated this decision is

the World Trade Organization
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OPEC
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the Arab League
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the Gulf Cooperation Council
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Question 39 of 55

39. Question

An American airline closes its own customer-service call center and hires a separate company to handle its customer calls from a facility in the Philippines, paying the contractor a fee rather than employing the workers directly. The airline has engaged in

offshoring only
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outsourcing
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deindustrialization
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vertical integration
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Question 40 of 55

40. Question

A German automaker closes an engine plant in Stuttgart and moves that production to a factory it owns and operates in Hungary, where wages are a third as high, while keeping the workers as its own employees. The automaker has engaged in

outsourcing
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offshoring
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agglomeration
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deglomeration
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Question 41 of 55

41. Question

Toyota is headquartered in Japan but designs cars in California, assembles them in Kentucky, Thailand, and Brazil, sources parts from dozens of countries, and sells vehicles on every continent. Toyota is an example of a

state-owned enterprise
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supranational organization
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multinational corporation
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conglomerate
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Question 42 of 55

42. Question

A smartphone is designed by engineers in California, its chips are made in Taiwan, its screen in South Korea, and the final assembly is done by low-wage workers in China and India, with each country performing the stage of production that fits its labor costs and skills. This pattern is the

new international division of labor
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commodity chain
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comparative advantage
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global agglomeration
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Question 43 of 55

43. Question

In 1980, China designated Shenzhen, then a fishing village near Hong Kong, as an area where foreign companies could build factories with lower taxes, fewer regulations, and freedom to export profits; today Shenzhen is a city of 17 million and a global technology hub. Shenzhen was established as a

growth pole
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free trade zone
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special economic zone
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maquiladora district
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Question 44 of 55

44. Question

In a fenced industrial park outside Dhaka, Bangladesh, foreign-owned garment factories import fabric duty-free, sew it into clothing, and export the finished goods, paying no tariffs as long as nothing is sold within Bangladesh. This park is a(n)

special economic zone
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export processing zone
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break-of-bulk point
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growth pole
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Question 45 of 55

45. Question

In Ciudad Juárez, just across the border from El Paso, Texas, hundreds of foreign-owned factories assemble televisions, auto parts, and medical devices from imported components and ship the finished products back to the United States. These factories are

special economic zones
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growth poles
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maquiladoras
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break-of-bulk plants
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Question 46 of 55

46. Question

Between 1970 and 2010, Youngstown, Ohio, lost nearly all of its steel mills, its population fell by half, and manufacturing employment across the Great Lakes region dropped as factories closed or moved to the Sunbelt and overseas. The process that transformed this region is

deglomeration
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economic restructuring
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deindustrialization
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decentralization
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Question 47 of 55

47. Question

Today the largest employers in Pittsburgh are a university medical system, two universities, several banks, and a cluster of robotics and software firms, while steel, the industry that built the city, employs only a few thousand people. Pittsburgh now has a

Fordist economy
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post-industrial economy
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primary-sector economy
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growth pole economy
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Question 48 of 55

48. Question

In the 1950s, North Carolina set aside land between three universities for research laboratories and technology companies; the resulting Research Triangle Park now hosts more than 300 firms and has spurred the growth of hotels, housing, and services across the surrounding region. Research Triangle Park functions as a

growth pole
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special economic zone
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break-of-bulk point
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edge city
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Question 49 of 55

49. Question

A car assembly plant in Ohio receives seats, dashboards, and engines from suppliers several times a day, timed to arrive exactly when they are needed on the line, so the plant keeps almost no inventory in storage and saves the cost of warehousing parts. This production system is

Fordism
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vertical integration
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just-in-time delivery
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agglomeration
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Incorrect
Question 50 of 55

50. Question

Over 40 years, Glasgow’s economy shifted from shipbuilding and heavy engineering to finance, tourism, higher education, and media, requiring workers to retrain and the city to redevelop its industrial waterfront for offices and housing. This fundamental shift in the basis of a region’s economy is

deindustrialization
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economic restructuring
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economic diversification
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the post-Fordist transition
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Incorrect
Question 51 of 55

51. Question

A country decides to develop its forests by harvesting timber no faster than new trees can grow, so that logging provides jobs and income today without leaving future generations with barren land. This approach is

sustainable development
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ecotourism
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resource conservation
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economic restructuring
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Question 52 of 55

52. Question

In 2015, all 193 member states of the United Nations adopted a set of 17 targets to be achieved by 2030, including ending extreme poverty and hunger, ensuring quality education and gender equality, providing clean water, and taking action on climate change. These targets are the

Millennium Development Goals
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Human Development Index criteria
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Sustainable Development Goals
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Paris Agreement commitments
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Question 53 of 55

53. Question

In Costa Rica, visitors pay to hike through protected rainforests with local guides, stay in small lodges run by nearby villages, and observe wildlife, generating income that gives communities a financial reason to preserve the forest rather than clear it. This type of tourism is

adventure tourism
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ecotourism
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sustainable tourism
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heritage tourism
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Question 54 of 55

54. Question

As China, India, and other countries industrialized over the past three decades, their consumption of coal and oil soared, and global carbon dioxide emissions rose by more than 60 percent, contributing to rising temperatures that now threaten coastal cities and farming regions worldwide. The relationship these facts illustrate is between

industrialization and climate change
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urbanization and resource depletion
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globalization and deindustrialization
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population growth and food insecurity
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Question 55 of 55

55. Question

Rapid industrial growth has drawn down aquifers across northern China, exhausted fisheries in the North Atlantic, and consumed so much of the world’s easily accessible copper and oil that remaining reserves are harder and costlier to extract. The process these examples describe is

environmental degradation
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climate change
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resource depletion
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desertification
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Incorrect

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