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AP Human Geography Multiple Choice Questions

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Question 1 of 60

1. Question

A multinational firm coordinates daily business operations between offices in Shanghai and Los Angeles through videoconferencing, real-time financial transfers, and same-day air freight. Which of the following best describes the spatial concept illustrated by this pattern?

Globalization links distant cities through economic, cultural, and political networks, allowing firms in different countries to operate as part of one integrated system.
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Distance decay predicts that the likelihood of interaction between two cities rises steadily as the physical distance separating them grows larger.
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Time-space compression describes how the time and cost required to connect distant places have fallen sharply as transportation and communication technologies have advanced.
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Environmental determinism holds that the physical environment of each city directly shapes how the businesses located there operate from day to day.
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Sequent occupance describes how successive waves of cultural groups have left layered imprints on each city's built landscape over many decades.
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Question 2 of 60

2. Question

Each year, large numbers of people move from rural villages in northern India to the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Which of the following best explains why economic push and pull factors drive this rural-to-urban migration?

People are repelled by Delhi because pull factors at the destination tend to discourage settlement in wealthier urban regions.
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People migrate to Delhi mainly because forced migration accounts for the majority of moves into the city each year.
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People migrate to Delhi primarily through chain migration because relatives already settled in the city help newcomers find housing and work.
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People remain in rural villages because distance decay erases any influence that distant urban labor markets in Delhi could otherwise have.
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People leave rural villages with limited farm income because Delhi offers higher wages, more job opportunities, and better access to services.
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Question 3 of 60

3. Question

Christianity spread to the Americas largely through the migration of European colonists, while in earlier centuries Christianity also spread outward from the eastern Mediterranean to other parts of the Roman Empire as neighboring populations gradually converted. Which of the following best compares the type of diffusion illustrated by each case?

Christianity's spread to the Americas illustrates relocation diffusion through migrants, while its spread within the Roman Empire illustrates expansion diffusion outward from its original hearth.
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Both cases illustrate ethnic religions that remained confined to their original cultural hearths and did not diffuse to new regions of the world.
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Both cases illustrate expansion diffusion, since Christianity spread outward from a central religious authority in each context, with the Vatican coordinating colonial missions across the Americas.
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Christianity's spread to the Americas illustrates expansion diffusion without any movement of people, while its spread within the Roman Empire illustrates relocation diffusion requiring all converts to migrate.
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Both cases illustrate relocation diffusion that required the religion to disappear entirely from its original hearth in order to spread to new places.
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Question 4 of 60

4. Question

Compared to a unitary state such as France, which of the following is the most likely outcome for the spatial organization of political power in a federal state such as Nigeria?

Political power is more concentrated in Nigeria because the central government assumes direct control over every region, in the same way the central government in France does.
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Political power is more dispersed because Nigeria operates as a confederation in which the central government holds only coordinating powers, while France retains all authority centrally.
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National boundaries dissolve in Nigeria because the federal system removes the need for any central government to maintain territorial integrity.
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Political power is more dispersed because authority in Nigeria is distributed among regional and local levels of government, while authority in France remains concentrated centrally.
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Nigeria experiences devolution and balkanization into independent states over time because a federal system guarantees regions the right to secede from the country.
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Question 5 of 60

5. Question

In intensively irrigated agricultural regions such as the Punjab in northwestern India, repeated irrigation in a semiarid climate has led to widespread soil salinization across millions of hectares of farmland. Which of the following best explains how irrigation contributes to soil salinization in this context?

Irrigation lowers soil salinity in the Punjab because the added water permanently flushes all dissolved minerals down below the root zone.
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Irrigation raises soil salinity in the Punjab because water evaporates rapidly in the semiarid climate and leaves dissolved minerals behind on the surface.
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Irrigation raises soil salinity in the Punjab because the canal water carries dissolved salts from upstream sources and deposits them on the surface during application.
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Irrigation eliminates the need for fertilizer in the Punjab because the salt left behind in the soil naturally enriches soil nutrients for crops.
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Irrigation reduces crop yields in the Punjab because the added water cools the soil and shortens the available growing season for major crops.
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Question 6 of 60

6. Question

Which of the following best explains a limitation of the Burgess concentric-zone model when it is applied to cities in Latin America such as Mexico City?

The model applies equally well to every city in every era because urban land use patterns do not vary by region or historical period.
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The model assumes that low-income residents live in zones of transition close to the central business district, which fits Mexico City because its informal settlements concentrate near the CBD.
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The model fails when applied to cities like Mexico City because it was originally designed to describe rural agricultural land use rather than urban land use.
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The model is invalid because Mexico City and other cities show no internal variation in land use of any kind, contradicting the model's assumptions.
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The model assumes growth radiates outward in even rings from a single CBD based on early-twentieth-century Chicago, fitting Mexico City poorly because of its wealthy spine and peripheral informal settlements.
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Question 7 of 60

7. Question

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of manufacturing predicted by Alfred Weber’s least cost theory, as illustrated by the concentration of export-oriented factories in coastal Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou?

Manufacturing locates at the site that minimizes the combined costs of transportation, labor, and agglomeration, so factories cluster near deep-water container ports with large labor pools.
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Manufacturing locates wherever labor costs are absolutely lowest, since Weber argued that labor cost is the single overriding factor in choosing a factory site.
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Manufacturing locates as far as possible from raw materials, labor, and markets in order to keep land prices and operating costs as low as possible.
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Manufacturing spreads evenly across coastal China because firms treat the cost of moving goods and labor as unimportant in their location decisions.
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Manufacturing follows the rank-size rule, locating only in the single largest city of each country regardless of input or transportation costs.
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Question 8 of 60

8. Question

Based on the data in the table, which of the following best explains the differences in total fertility rate among the countries listed?

Total Fertility Rate, Selected Countries, 2024

Country Total Fertility Rate (births per woman)

Niger 6.6

Pakistan 3.5

Mexico 1.8

United States 1.6

South Korea 0.7

Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2024 World Population Data Sheet.

Countries with higher levels of economic development typically have lower total fertility rates because of increased female educational attainment and workforce participation.
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Countries with higher total fertility rates typically have older populations because their citizens live longer than those in more developed countries.
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Countries in tropical climates typically have higher total fertility rates because environmental conditions favor large families.
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Countries with larger total populations typically have higher total fertility rates because of greater agricultural land availability.
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Countries with higher total fertility rates typically have more advanced healthcare systems, which lower infant mortality.
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Question 9 of 60

9. Question

Based on the landscape shown in the photograph above, which of the following best describes the agricultural system depicted?

Source: Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao, Philippines. Photo: Cid Jacobo / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 3.0.

Intensive subsistence agriculture, because terracing is used to expand arable land on steep slopes.
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Extensive commercial agriculture, because mechanization is used to farm large contiguous fields.
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Shifting cultivation, because slash-and-burn techniques are used to clear new fields periodically.
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Plantation agriculture, because monoculture cash crops are grown for export markets.
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Pastoral nomadism, because seasonal grazing is used to manage livestock across rangelands.
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Question 10 of 60

10. Question

The population pyramid shows data for Nigeria in 2020. Which of the following best identifies the type of demographic data presented in the pyramid?

Population Pyramid: Nigeria, 2020

Source: United Nations Population Division, adapted. Data for 2020.

The total population of Nigeria in each year from 2020 onward, shown as a trend.
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The distribution of the national population across five-year age cohorts, separated by sex.
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The projected size of future birth cohorts, separated by region of the country.
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The volume of migration flows into and out of Nigeria, separated by destination.
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The density of population in each of the major subnational states of Nigeria.
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Question 11 of 60

11. Question

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of religious adherence shown in the table?

Adherents of Selected Religions by World Region, 2020 (percent of regional population)

Religion Latin America Middle East / North Africa South Asia East / SE Asia Europe

Christianity 90 4 3 9 75

Islam <1 93 31 15 6

Hinduism <1 <1 60 1 <1

Buddhism <1 <1 1 12 <1

Source: Pew Research Center, adapted. Data for 2020.

Buddhism is the majority religion across East and Southeast Asia, with smaller clusters elsewhere.
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Hinduism is the most widely distributed religion, with large shares in nearly every world region.
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Each religion remains concentrated in the single region where it originated, with little spread beyond it.
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Christianity and Islam each span multiple world regions, while Hinduism remains concentrated in South Asia.
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Europe contains the largest share of Muslim adherents of any region outside the Middle East and North Africa.
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Question 12 of 60

12. Question

Which of the following best identifies the scales of analysis presented in the table?

Belgium: Primary Language Spoken at Home, 2020 (percent of population)

Area Dutch French Other

Belgium (national) 56 38 6

Flanders Region 92 5 3

Wallonia Region 4 91 5

Brussels-Capital Region 9 78 13

Source: Statbel (Belgian national statistical office), adapted. Data for 2020.

The national scale and the regional scale within one country.
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The national scale and the local scale of a single city.
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The global scale and the continental scale across Europe.
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The national scale only, repeated for four different years.
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The supranational scale of the European Union and the national scale.
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Question 13 of 60

13. Question

Which of the following best explains what the data illustrate about the distribution of city sizes in France?

France: Largest Urban Areas by Population, 2020

Source: Institut national de la statistique (INSEE), adapted. Urban-area populations, 2020.

The cities follow the rank-size rule, because each city is smaller than the one ranked above it.
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The gravity model explains the sizes shown, because larger cities generate more interaction.
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Christaller's central place theory predicts that one settlement will hold most of a country's population.
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The cities are evenly sized, indicating a balanced national urban hierarchy without a dominant center.
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Paris functions as a primate city, because it is disproportionately larger than the next-ranked cities.
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Question 14 of 60

14. Question

Which of the following best explains the relationship between the national-scale and state-scale development data shown in the table?

Brazil: Selected Development Measures at the National and State Scales, 2020

Area GNI per capita (US$) Adult literacy (%) Infant mortality (per 1,000)

Brazil (national) 8,700 93 13

Sao Paulo (state) 13,500 96 10

Maranhao (state) 4,400 81 21

Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and World Bank, adapted. Data for 2020.

The state data show that literacy rates determine gross national income, because the two measures rise together.
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The table shows that Brazil is a periphery country in the world economy, because national income is low.
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The national averages conceal uneven development between core and peripheral states at the subnational scale.
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The state data confirm that development is evenly distributed, because each state sits near the national average.
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The infant mortality data measure economic output directly, so the states differ mainly in industrial production.
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Question 15 of 60

15. Question

Questions 15 to 17 refer to the photograph below.

The old city of Delhi, India.

Which of the following best identifies the kind of geographic information presented in the photograph?

A cultural landscape, because the scene combines architecture, religion, and land use a society imprints on the place.
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A built environment, because the scene shows only the structures people have built, considered apart from their cultural meaning.
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A cultural hearth, because the scene shows the original source area from which these cultural traits first diffused outward.
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A functional region, because the scene shows a central node and the surrounding area that is organized around it.
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A natural landscape, because the scene shows physical environmental features that exist largely apart from human activity.
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Question 16 of 60

16. Question

The old city of Delhi, India.

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of the built environment shown in the photograph?

A dense, low-rise fabric of narrow, irregular streets organized around a prominent historic religious structure.
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Widely spaced detached houses arranged along the broad, regular street grid of a planned outer suburb.
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A compact cluster of high-rise office towers separated by multilane expressways and large parking areas.
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Isolated farmsteads dispersed evenly across open cultivated fields in a dispersed rural settlement pattern.
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A single planned ring of identical apartment blocks surrounding one large open central public park.
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Question 17 of 60

17. Question

The old city of Delhi, India.

The religious and architectural features visible in the photograph best illustrate which of the following geographic processes?

Placemaking, because the religious and architectural features express the cultural identity of the society that built the space.
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Sequent occupance, because each new cultural group completely erased the landscape left behind by the group before it.
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Carrying capacity, because the surrounding physical environment sets a fixed upper limit on the city's total population.
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Distance decay, because cultural influence weakens steadily with increasing distance from the historic center of the city.
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Time-space compression, because communication technology has sharply reduced the travel time between distant world cities.
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Question 18 of 60

18. Question

Based only on its appearance on the map, the boundary between State X and State Y is best identified as which of the following types of political boundary?

Boundary Between Two States (Schematic)

Source: original schematic, not to scale.

A geometric boundary, because it follows a straight line that ignores the physical and cultural features shown.
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A subsequent boundary, because it developed gradually as the cultural landscape on either side of it slowly took shape.
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An antecedent boundary, because it was clearly drawn before the surrounding area was settled by any local population.
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A consequent boundary, because it was positioned specifically to separate two distinct and opposing cultural groups.
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A relic boundary, because it no longer functions as a working border but still remains visible across the landscape.
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Question 19 of 60

19. Question

Which of the following best explains how Rostow’s stages of economic growth model accounts for differences in development among countries?

It describes the world as one system of interdependent core, semiperiphery, and periphery zones, with development set by a country's position in it.
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It describes underdevelopment as the result of periphery countries being exploited by wealthier core countries that extract their resources and labor.
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It describes development as a linear sequence of stages through which investment moves a country from a traditional economy toward mass consumption.
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It describes development as limited mainly by population growth outpacing the food supply, which holds living standards down over time.
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It describes every country as permanently fixed in a traditional stage, claiming that poorer countries can never industrialize or raise incomes.
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Question 20 of 60

20. Question

Which of the following best evaluates the degree to which the von Thünen model explains the location of agricultural production around a large market city today?

It explains the pattern fully, because every modern farming region still forms the exact concentric rings that von Thünen first predicted.
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It explains nothing at all today, because the cost of transportation has no influence on where agricultural goods are now produced.
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It explains the pattern, but only because it predicts that the most intensive farming takes place farthest away from the central market.
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It explains industrial location rather than agriculture, because the model was designed to place factories at the point of least cost.
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It explains much of the pattern, because distance to market shapes land use, but specialty farming no longer forms neat concentric rings.
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Question 21 of 60

21. Question

A regionally concentrated ethnic group with its own language seeks greater self-government from the national government of its country. Which of the following best compares how this devolutionary process operates at the regional scale and the national scale?

At both the regional and national scales it works to strengthen the central government's direct control over every part of the region.
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At the regional scale it builds a distinct identity and seeks autonomy, while at the national scale it can weaken central authority.
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At the regional scale it erases all local identity, while at the national scale it permanently merges the whole country into one culture.
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At the regional scale it operates as supranationalism, while at the national scale it operates as a form of outright colonial rule.
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At the regional scale it reflects gentrification, while at the national scale it reflects the outward spread of suburban housing.
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Question 22 of 60

22. Question

Which of the following best describes the urban design approach known as New Urbanism?

It is the practice of ringing a city with protected open land in order to limit the city's outward expansion.
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It is the design of low-density suburbs with separated single-use zones that residents reach mainly by car.
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It is the clearing of older downtown districts in order to build large high-rise public housing blocks.
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It promotes compact, walkable neighborhoods that mix housing, shops, and transit so that residents depend less on cars.
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It is a national rule that sets a strict cap on the maximum population allowed to live in each city.
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Question 23 of 60

23. Question

Which of the following best compares what the two density measures reveal about the pressure of population on farmland in the two countries?

Two Measures of Population Density, Selected Countries (adapted, approximate)

Country Arithmetic density (per sq km) Physiological density (per sq km of arable land)

Egypt 100 2,600

Bangladesh 1,300 2,200

Source: adapted from United Nations and World Bank estimates. Values rounded for instructional use.

Although Egypt has the lower arithmetic density, its higher physiological density shows that its small area of farmland bears intense population pressure.
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Bangladesh faces the greater pressure on its farmland, because it has the higher arithmetic density of the two countries in the table.
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The two countries place about equal pressure on farmland, because their arithmetic densities are nearly the same as each other.
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Egypt's high physiological density shows that most of Egypt's land is farmland that has to support only a very few people.
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Neither figure reveals anything about farmland pressure, because density measures only divide the total people by total land area.
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Question 24 of 60

24. Question

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of population distribution in Canada and a physical factor that helps explain it?

The population is spread evenly across the entire country, because Canada's physical environment is uniform from north to south.
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The population is concentrated in the far north, because the northern landscape offers the most favorable conditions for large cities.
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The population is concentrated in a narrow band near the southern border, because the cold northern climate discourages dense settlement.
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The population is clustered around a single interior desert oasis, because fresh water is available only in the country's dry core.
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The population forms a ring only along the coastline, because Canada's entire interior is covered by productive farmland.
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Question 25 of 60

25. Question

Which of the following best describes the relationship between climate and agricultural practices in regions with a Mediterranean climate, such as parts of southern Europe?

Farmers focus on large-scale mixed grain and cattle systems, because the climate provides steady feed and pasture in every season.
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Farmers specialize in drought-tolerant crops such as grapes, olives, and citrus, which suit the region's hot, dry summers.
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Farmers rely mainly on flooded paddy rice, because the Mediterranean climate brings heavy monsoon rainfall all summer long.
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Farmers practice only nomadic herding, because the Mediterranean climate stays far too cold year-round to grow any crops.
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Farmers plant no particular crops at all, because climate has no real influence on what is grown in the region.
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Question 26 of 60

26. Question

Which of the following best describes the role of world cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo within the global urban network?

They sit at the top of their own national hierarchies but have very few connections to cities in other countries.
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They sit at the bottom of the urban hierarchy and depend entirely on smaller towns to organize global finance.
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They sit atop the global urban hierarchy and act as command centers that connect and coordinate the world economy.
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They function mainly as isolated religious centers that play little role in global trade or in world finance.
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They are defined only by having the largest total populations, regardless of their actual economic influence.
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Question 27 of 60

27. Question

Colombia can produce coffee more cheaply than most other countries, so it specializes in exporting coffee and imports machinery rather than making it. Which of the following best describes the basis for this pattern of global trade?

Self-sufficiency, because each country tries to produce every good that it needs entirely within its own borders.
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Comparative advantage, because each country concentrates on what it produces relatively most efficiently and trades for the rest.
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Distance decay, because international trade takes place only between countries that happen to share a land border.
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Carrying capacity, because a country can export only those goods that its own environment can no longer support.
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The demographic transition, because a country's trade patterns are set mainly by its current stage of population growth.
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Question 28 of 60

28. Question

Several neighboring countries form a supranational economic organization, similar to the European Union, that removes tariffs and lets goods, workers, and money move freely among them. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of joining this organization?

The members gain larger markets and economies of scale, but each gives up some economic policy control.
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The members gain larger combined markets while keeping complete, unchanged control over every part of their national economic policy.
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The members immediately lose all national sovereignty and dissolve into a single unified country governed by one central authority.
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The members become fully self-sufficient and, as a result, stop trading goods and services with one another altogether.
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The members experience an immediate collapse of trade, because removing tariffs between countries always reduces economic activity.
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Question 29 of 60

29. Question

Which of the following best describes a stateless nation?

A nation-state, in which the territory of an independent state matches the homeland of a single national group.
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A multinational state that contains several distinct national groups within one set of internationally recognized borders.
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A people who share a national identity but lack their own independent state, such as the Kurds.
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A supranational organization formed when several independent states pool some authority to pursue shared goals.
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A region that has recently broken away and gained full recognition as a brand-new independent country.
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Question 30 of 60

30. Question

In many subsistence farming communities in sub-Saharan Africa, which of the following best describes the typical role of women in food production?

Women mainly assist at harvest time, while men carry out most of the planting, tending, and daily food processing.
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Women grow only cash crops for distant export markets, while men are responsible for all of the household's own food.
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Women work only within large mechanized commercial operations rather than on the small plots of subsistence farms.
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Women play essentially no role in food production, since subsistence farming there depends entirely on hired wage laborers.
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Women carry out much of the daily labor of planting, tending, processing, and preparing food for their own households.
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Question 31 of 60

31. Question

In the older central districts of a large city such as Paris, apartment blocks and row houses are built close together at high density. Which of the following best describes what this high-density residential land use typically reflects?

A shortage of people in the city, since high-density housing is built only where very few residents actually want to live.
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An efficient use of scarce, costly land near the city center, letting many residents live close to jobs and services.
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An abundance of cheap, unused land, since high-density housing appears in the places where land is least valuable.
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A purely rural land-use pattern, since high-density housing is found mainly on scattered, isolated family farms.
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A complete lack of transportation access, since dense housing forms only in places where roads and transit are absent.
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Question 32 of 60

32. Question

After World War II, the construction of highways and the spread of automobile ownership allowed many families in the United States to move outward from central cities. Which of the following best describes the process this illustrates?

Counterurbanization, in which people leave metropolitan areas entirely to live in remote rural regions far from any city.
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Reurbanization, in which residents move back into the dense central city and abandon the outer suburban areas.
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Suburbanization, in which better transportation allows population and housing to spread outward from the central city.
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Site relocation, in which a city's absolute physical location is permanently moved from one piece of ground to another.
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The demographic transition, in which the building of new highways lowers a country's overall birth and death rates.
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Question 33 of 60

33. Question

Which of the following best describes the concept of sustainable development?

Maximizing present industrial output as quickly as possible, regardless of long-term resource depletion or added pollution.
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Halting all economic development permanently in order to leave the surrounding natural environment completely untouched.
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Relocating polluting industries to other countries so that the pollution no longer appears within a nation's own borders.
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Meeting present economic needs while protecting resources and the environment for the needs of future generations.
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Measuring a country's overall progress only by the size of its total gross national income in each year.
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Question 34 of 60

34. Question

The table shows access to two types of infrastructure across zones of a large city. Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of infrastructure access shown?

Access to Infrastructure by Zone of a Large City (adapted, approximate)

Zone Households with piped water (%) Paved roads (%)

Central district 98 95

Inner residential ring 90 85

Peripheral informal settlements 45 30

Source: adapted, illustrative figures for a single large city.

Access to both types of infrastructure is highest in the peripheral settlements and declines steadily toward the central district.
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Access is essentially uniform across all three zones, showing no meaningful difference from the center out to the edge.
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Access to both piped water and paved roads is highest in the central district, lowest in the peripheral informal settlements.
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Access to piped water rises toward the periphery, while at the same time access to paved roads falls toward the periphery.
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Only the inner residential ring has any measurable access to piped water or to paved roads at all across the city.
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Question 35 of 60

35. Question

Which of the following best explains a limitation of Christaller’s central place theory when it is applied to real urban systems?

It assumes cities are arranged in even rings around a single center, so it fails wherever a country has several large cities.
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It applies perfectly to every real region, so it has no limitations at all when used to predict the spacing of settlements.
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It was designed to explain industrial factory location, so it cannot address the spacing of service and market centers.
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It assumes a flat, uniform landscape with evenly distributed resources and purchasing power, conditions that are rarely met.
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It measures only the total population of the single largest city, so it ignores all of the smaller settlements entirely.
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Question 36 of 60

36. Question

Several countries outside the core have created export-processing zones to attract manufacturing. Which of the following best explains the effect of the international division of labor on employment in those countries at both the national and the local scales?

National manufacturing employment rises and local wages quickly match those in the core, because export-processing zones require firms to pay prevailing core-country wages.
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National manufacturing employment rises while the new local jobs pay less than comparable core-country work, because firms relocate assembly stages to lower-wage countries.
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National manufacturing employment falls and local service employment replaces it, because outsourcing continually shifts production toward countries with still lower wages.
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National manufacturing employment falls and local employment shifts to high-technology work, because firms in the zones move directly into quaternary-sector activity.
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National and local employment patterns remain similar, because the international division of labor operates at the global scale rather than within individual countries.
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Question 37 of 60

37. Question

In the mid-twentieth-century United States, banks refused to approve mortgages in certain neighborhoods based on their racial composition, a practice known as redlining. Which of the following was the most likely long-term outcome of redlining in those neighborhoods?

Rapid new investment and rising home values, because restricting mortgage lending made the neighborhoods more attractive to buyers.
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Complete and permanent equality in housing, because every neighborhood received exactly identical access to mortgage credit.
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An immediate end to all urban segregation, because redlining required banks to lend on equal terms everywhere in the city.
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A large increase in the total population of the neighborhoods, because restricted lending tends to attract many new residents.
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Reduced investment and declining housing quality, which deepened racial and economic segregation over time.
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Question 38 of 60

38. Question

A large city adopts a greenbelt of protected open land around its edge and expands its public transit to reduce car use. Which of the following urban sustainability challenges are these measures most directly intended to address?

A shortage of world-city financial functions, addressed by raising the city's rank within the global urban hierarchy.
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A shortage of open farmland far beyond the city, addressed by encouraging the city to expand outward without any limit.
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A lack of housing in the historic core, addressed by clearing the old central districts to build high-rise towers.
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A decline in the city's total population, addressed by preventing anyone new from moving into the surrounding region.
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Suburban sprawl and the pollution and energy use that come with heavy dependence on automobiles.
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Question 39 of 60

39. Question

Questions 39 to 41 refer to the table below.

Demographic Data for Selected Countries (adapted, approximate)

Country Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) Rate of Natural Increase (%)

Niger 46 9 3.7

Brazil 13 7 0.6

Germany 9 11 -0.2

In the table, the rate of natural increase for each country is best described as which of the following?

The crude birth rate plus the crude death rate, also expressed as a percentage per year.
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The crude birth rate minus the crude death rate, expressed as a percentage per year.
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The total change in population each year, including migration into and out of the country.
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The average number of children that each woman is expected to have over her whole lifetime.
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The share of each country's population that lives in cities rather than in rural areas.
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Question 40 of 60

40. Question

Demographic Data for Selected Countries (adapted, approximate)

Country Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) Rate of Natural Increase (%)

Niger 46 9 3.7

Brazil 13 7 0.6

Germany 9 11 -0.2

Which of the following is a limitation of using the rate of natural increase alone to describe each country’s total population change?

It excludes migration, so actual population change can differ from the rate of natural increase.
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It excludes the crude death rate, so it overstates how quickly each of these populations is growing.
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It captures total population change perfectly, so no additional demographic data are ever needed.
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It counts only the number of cities, so it reveals nothing about the size of a population.
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It can be calculated only for those countries whose total populations are already shrinking.
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Question 41 of 60

41. Question

Demographic Data for Selected Countries (adapted, approximate)

Country Crude Birth Rate (per 1,000) Crude Death Rate (per 1,000) Rate of Natural Increase (%)

Niger 46 9 3.7

Brazil 13 7 0.6

Germany 9 11 -0.2

Germany’s rate of natural increase is negative, while Niger’s is high and positive. Which of the following best explains the significance of this difference for the two countries?

Both countries face the same pressures, since the rate of natural increase affects every country in an identical way.
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Germany's population will grow faster than Niger's, because a negative rate of natural increase adds people more quickly.
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Niger's population will soon shrink, because a high rate of natural increase causes a population to decline over time.
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The difference has little real effect, because the rate of natural increase does not shape a country's age structure.
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Germany's population is aging and may shrink without migration, while Niger's is young and growing quickly.
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Question 42 of 60

42. Question

The aerial photograph shows strips of farmland. This landscape best illustrates which of the following rural survey and settlement patterns?

Farmland along a river

The township-and-range system, which divides rural land into a regular grid of square parcels.
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The metes-and-bounds system, which relies on natural landmarks and irregular property boundaries.
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The long-lot system, in which narrow parcels each reach a river or road for access.
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The concentric-zone model, which arranges urban land use in rings around a central business district.
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The central-place system, which spaces market towns evenly across a broad and flat agricultural plain.
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Question 43 of 60

43. Question

Which of the following best describes the spatial pattern of the major hearths where plants and animals were first domesticated?

Domestication began in one hearth in Southwest Asia and reached other continents through relocation diffusion.
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Domestication began in tropical rainforests, where warm, wet conditions allowed planting year round.
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Domestication arose independently in several scattered regions, including the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, and Central America.
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Domestication started in coastal fishing villages with food surpluses and moved inland along river routes.
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Domestication spread to Africa and Asia during the Columbian Exchange, which carried the first domesticated crops out of Europe.
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Question 44 of 60

44. Question

Questions 44 to 46 refer to the table below.

Gross National Income per Capita at Different Scales (adapted, approximate)

Scale Area GNI per capita (US$)

Global World average 12,000

Regional Sub-Saharan Africa 3,900

National Nigeria 5,900

Subnational Lagos State (Nigeria) 9,100

Which of the following identifies the geographic scales of analysis represented in the table?

The national and the subnational scales only, with no larger scales included at all.
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Only the global scale, simply listed four separate times for a single world figure.
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Only the local scale of individual neighborhoods located within one particular large city.
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The global, regional, national, and subnational scales, from the largest area down to the smallest.
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A time scale, showing change in one single place across four different years in a row.
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Question 45 of 60

45. Question

Gross National Income per Capita at Different Scales (adapted, approximate)

Scale Area GNI per capita (US$)

Global World average 12,000

Regional Sub-Saharan Africa 3,900

National Nigeria 5,900

Subnational Lagos State (Nigeria) 9,100

Which of the following best explains what the data reveal about development across these scales?

Development is identical at every scale, so the scale that is chosen does not change the overall picture at all.
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The subnational figure is the lowest of all, so Lagos State is the poorest area listed anywhere in the table.
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The world average is the lowest value shown, so global development trails behind every single region in the table.
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The regional figure is higher than the world average, so Sub-Saharan Africa leads the entire world in development.
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A country can sit above its region yet below the world average, while a state exceeds the national figure.
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Question 46 of 60

46. Question

Gross National Income per Capita at Different Scales (adapted, approximate)

Scale Area GNI per capita (US$)

Global World average 12,000

Regional Sub-Saharan Africa 3,900

National Nigeria 5,900

Subnational Lagos State (Nigeria) 9,100

The gap between the Nigerian national figure and the Lagos State figure best illustrates which of the following?

Even development within a country, in which every region closely matches the national average value.
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That Lagos State is the least developed part of Nigeria, which pulls the national figure downward.
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Uneven development, in which a core region is far more developed than the national average.
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That a national average must always equal the figure of that country's single largest city.
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That Nigeria as a whole is more developed than the world taken as a whole.
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Question 47 of 60

47. Question

A single country controls the Strait of Hormuz, a narrow passage through which a large share of the world’s seaborne oil must travel. Which of the following best explains how this example connects political power across geographic scales?

The strait functions as a shatterbelt, where competition among outside powers plays out inside one state's territory.
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Control of one local choke point gives the country influence over trade and security at the global scale.
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Because the passage lies within the country's territorial waters, its importance stays at the national scale.
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The strait marks a functional region whose boundary shows the limit of the country's cultural influence.
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Control of the strait is a case of devolution, since power over the passage rests with regional authorities.
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Question 48 of 60

48. Question

At the national scale, a country has a moderate average population density, but at the regional scale some areas are densely settled while others are nearly empty. Which of the following best explains what changing the scale of analysis reveals?

A finer scale always shows less detail than a coarser national-scale average of the same place.
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Changing the scale of analysis never changes the patterns that appear anywhere in the data.
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The national-scale average is always more accurate than any finer regional-scale measure.
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A national-scale figure can show only one uniform density for every part of the country.
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A finer scale exposes sharp internal variation that a single national-scale average conceals.
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Question 49 of 60

49. Question

Questions 49 to 51 refer to the two photographs below.

Photograph 1

Photograph 2

Which of the following cultural features is most clearly visible in the two photographs?

The exact religious beliefs held privately by each of the individual people shown in the photographs.
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Differences in architecture, signage, and goods sold, which are visible parts of the cultural landscape.
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The total population and the annual birth rate of each city, displayed directly within the images.
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The political boundaries and the form of government of each country, marked plainly on the streets.
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The average income and years of schooling of every single resident, printed on the buildings shown.
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Question 50 of 60

50. Question

Photograph 1

Photograph 2

Which of the following best compares what the two landscapes reveal about culture?

One landscape reflects a cultural hearth in which a tradition originated, while the other reflects the relocation diffusion of that tradition to a new region.
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One landscape reflects an ethnic religion practiced largely by a single group, while the other reflects a universalizing religion that actively seeks converts.
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One landscape reflects a distinctive local and traditional culture, while the other reflects the more uniform popular culture associated with globalization.
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One landscape reflects sequent occupancy by successive culture groups, while the other reflects a single period of construction on previously undeveloped land.
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Both landscapes reflect physical constraints on available building materials, while one landscape reflects a colder climate.
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Question 51 of 60

51. Question

Photograph 1

Photograph 2

Which of the following is a limitation of using these two photographs to draw conclusions about culture in the two places?

The photographs were taken by visitors rather than residents, so they show only an outsider's view of each place
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The photographs present the two landscapes at different scales of analysis, so the places cannot be compared directly.
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The photographs show buildings and signs, which are artifacts, so they cannot reveal the religion practiced in either place.
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Each photograph shows one location at a single moment, so it may not represent the wider area or later change in either place.
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The photographs are visual sources, so the conclusions drawn from them cannot be checked against other evidence.
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Question 52 of 60

52. Question

A restaurant company opens outlets first in the three cities with the country’s largest populations, then in provincial capitals, and only years later in towns of fewer than fifty thousand people. Which of the following best describes the type of diffusion illustrated by this pattern?

Contagious diffusion
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Expansion diffusion
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Hierarchical diffusion
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Relocation diffusion
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Stimulus diffusion
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Question 53 of 60

53. Question

In a country deeply divided by language and religion, a strong regional movement demands independence and rejects the authority of the national government. Which of the following is the most likely outcome if these centrifugal forces intensify?

Stronger centripetal forces, as shared symbols and institutions draw the regions back together.
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Annexation of the region by a neighboring state that shares its language and religion.
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Redrawing of the country's borders by a supranational organization such as the United Nations.
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Growing pressure toward fragmentation, which can lead to ethnic nationalist movements or a failed state.
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Gerrymandering of the country's electoral districts to give the region a permanent voting majority.
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Question 54 of 60

54. Question

The map shows countries in Africa whose straight-line boundaries cut across the territories of different ethnic groups. Which of the following best identifies how these boundaries were most likely created?

Source: original schematic.

As consequent boundaries drawn carefully to match the existing divisions between different ethnic groups.
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As superimposed boundaries drawn by colonial powers, with little regard for existing ethnic territories.
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As natural boundaries that follow the courses of major rivers and mountain ranges across the continent.
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As relic boundaries that no longer function today and have been completely abandoned over time.
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As the internal voting districts located within a single one of the African countries shown.
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Question 55 of 60

55. Question

A regional hospital system defines its service area on the basis of the pattern of patient travel to its single central campus. The system plans to open a second full-service campus in a fast-growing suburb 30 miles away. Which of the following best explains a likely change in the hospital system’s service area after the second campus opens?

The service area will reorganize around two centers, because patients will travel to whichever campus is more accessible, and the dividing line will fall where travel time to each campus is roughly equal.
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The service area will reorganize around two centers, because the postal codes near the suburb will now share a characteristic the original postal codes lack, and the dividing line will follow those postal boundaries.
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The service area will remain a single catchment, because patients already associate the system with its original campus, and that shared perception will hold the existing boundary in place.
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The service area will remain a single catchment, because an area organized around a center can have only one center, and the suburban campus will therefore draw no surrounding area of its own.
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The service area will expand evenly in every direction from the original campus, because added capacity raises the distance every patient is willing to travel by the same amount.
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Question 56 of 60

56. Question

Shoppers are far more likely to visit a store a few blocks away than one on the far side of a large city. Which of the following spatial concepts does this pattern best illustrate?

Friction of distance
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Time-space compression
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Relative location
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Complementarity
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Distance decay
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Question 57 of 60

57. Question

Thomas Malthus argued that population, growing exponentially, would outrun food supply, growing more slowly, leading to widespread famine. Which of the following best explains a limitation of Malthus’s theory?

It reversed the two growth rates, claiming that food supply would rise faster than population.
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It described the movement of migrants between countries rather than the balance between people and food.
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It applied only to countries in Stage 4 of the demographic transition, where population growth had already slowed.
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It relied on birth rates alone and left death rates out of its account of population change.
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It underestimated how far technology would raise food production, letting supply keep pace with population.
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Question 58 of 60

58. Question

A world map shades each country a single color according to its average population density. Which of the following is a limitation of using this map to understand where people actually live?

The map reports physiological density, which counts only farmland and leaves out people living in cities.
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Large countries take up more space on the map than small ones, so they draw attention even when few people live there.
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The map gives one value per country, so its pattern cannot be compared with maps drawn at the regional or city scale.
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A single national shade blends together crowded and nearly empty areas, hiding large internal differences.
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The map shows density at one point in time, so it does not show whether a country's population is growing or shrinking.
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Question 59 of 60

59. Question

Which of the following best describes the second agricultural revolution?

The first domestication of wild plants and animals in a handful of cultural hearths.
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A rise in food production from new tools and methods that supported urban growth and industrial labor.
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The spread of high-yield seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation to farms in Mexico and South Asia.
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The growth of organic farming, local-food movements, and fair trade in response to industrial agriculture.
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The use of genetic modification to build traits such as pest resistance directly into crop seeds.
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Question 60 of 60

60. Question

Coffee beans grown on farms in one country are shipped to a second country for roasting and packaging and then sold in cafes in a third country. Which of the following best describes the spatial arrangement this illustrates?

Subsistence agriculture
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Monocropping
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Vertical integration
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A global commodity chain
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The von Thünen model
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