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AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 6

Free AP Human Geography Tests

Home AP Practice Tests AP Human Geography Vocabulary Tests Unit 6 Vocabulary Test

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AP Human Geography Unit 6 Vocabulary Test

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Question 1 of 54

1. Question

In 1950, about 17 percent of China’s people lived in cities; today more than 65 percent do, as hundreds of millions have left villages for urban jobs. The rising share of a population living in urban areas is

urban growth
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suburbanization
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urbanization
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decentralization
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Question 2 of 54

2. Question

Chicago grew into a major city because it sits on flat land beside Lake Michigan at the point where the lake came closest to the Mississippi River system, making it the natural hub for railroads and shipping connecting the East Coast to the agricultural West. The physical features of Chicago’s land and its position relative to transportation routes are, respectively, its

site and situation
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situation and site
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hinterland and range
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location and function
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Question 3 of 54

3. Question

After World War II, millions of American families left city apartments for new single-family houses with yards in developments built on former farmland beyond the city limits, commuting back downtown by car. This outward movement of population to the fringes of the city is

urbanization
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suburbanization
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gentrification
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counterurbanization
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Question 4 of 54

4. Question

Atlanta’s metropolitan area now spreads across 8,000 square miles of low-density subdivisions, strip malls, and office parks, where nearly every trip requires a car and new development keeps pushing farther into surrounding counties. This pattern of growth is called

infilling
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decentralization
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urban sprawl
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exurbanization
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Question 5 of 54

5. Question

Over several decades, a city’s department stores closed as shopping malls opened in the suburbs, corporate headquarters relocated to suburban office parks, and factories moved to industrial sites along the beltway, leaving the downtown with fewer jobs and shoppers. The movement of activities away from the central city is called

decentralization
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urbanization
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gentrification
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agglomeration
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Question 6 of 54

6. Question

Tysons, Virginia, located at the intersection of two highways outside Washington, D.C., has more office space than downtown Denver, two large shopping malls, and dozens of hotels, yet it was open farmland in 1960 and has no historic downtown of its own. Tysons is an example of a(n)

exurb
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boomburb
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primate city
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edge city
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Question 7 of 54

7. Question

Beyond the suburbs of Denver, families have bought homes on multi-acre lots in formerly rural counties 40 or 50 miles from downtown, accepting long commutes in exchange for space, privacy, and a semi-rural setting. These areas are

exurbs
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edge cities
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boomburbs
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greenbelts
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Question 8 of 54

8. Question

Mesa, Arizona, has grown from 60,000 people in 1970 to more than 500,000 today, larger than Miami or Minneapolis, yet it remains a suburb of Phoenix and has never been the dominant city of its region. Mesa is an example of a

primate city
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boomburb
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metacity
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world city
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Question 9 of 54

9. Question

Lagos, Nigeria, has grown from about 1 million people in 1970 to more than 15 million today, and Dhaka, Karachi, and Kinshasa have each passed 10 million as well. Urban areas with more than 10 million residents are called

metacities
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primate cities
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megacities
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world cities
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Question 10 of 54

10. Question

Tokyo, Delhi, and Shanghai have each grown past 20 million inhabitants, forming vast urban regions that absorb neighboring cities into a single continuous built-up area. Urban areas of this size are called

megacities
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megalopolises
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conurbations
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metacities
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Question 11 of 54

11. Question

London, New York, and Tokyo host the headquarters of the largest banks and corporations, the busiest stock exchanges, the major international law and advertising firms, and the airports and fiber-optic links that tie the global economy together. Cities that exercise this kind of command over worldwide economic activity are

megacities
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primate cities
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world cities
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metacities
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Question 12 of 54

12. Question

Within the United States, New York sits at the top as a global financial center, cities like Chicago and Los Angeles serve large regions, mid-sized cities like Cincinnati serve their surrounding areas, and small towns provide only basic services to nearby residents. This ranking of cities by size, function, and influence is the

rank-size rule
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urban hierarchy
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central place system
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gravity model
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Question 13 of 54

13. Question

In Germany, Berlin has about 3.7 million people, the second-largest city, Hamburg, has about 1.8 million, and the third, Munich, has about 1.5 million, so that each city is roughly 1/n the size of the largest for its rank n. This pattern follows the

primate city rule
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central place theory
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urban hierarchy
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rank-size rule
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Question 14 of 54

14. Question

Paris has more than 11 million people in its metropolitan area, while France’s second-largest city, Lyon, has about 2 million, and the capital dominates the country’s economy, politics, and culture to a degree no other French city approaches. Paris is an example of a

primate city
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world city
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metacity
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megalopolis
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Question 15 of 54

15. Question

A planner estimates that far more commuters, shoppers, and phone calls will flow between Dallas and Fort Worth, two large cities 30 miles apart, than between Dallas and a small town 30 miles away or between Dallas and a large city 500 miles away. The model behind this prediction is the

central place theory
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rank-size rule
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gravity model
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distance decay model
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Question 16 of 54

16. Question

In the 1930s, a German geographer studying southern Germany proposed that settlements are arranged in a nested pattern of hexagons, with a few large cities offering specialized goods, more medium-sized towns offering fewer services, and many small villages offering only basic necessities, each serving the area around it. This model is

the rank-size rule
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central place theory
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the concentric zone model
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the gravity model
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Question 17 of 54

17. Question

A hospital that performs heart surgery needs a population of at least several hundred thousand people in its service area to stay in business, which is why such hospitals are found only in larger cities, while a convenience store can survive serving just a few hundred households. The minimum number of people needed to support a service is its

range
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hinterland
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market area
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threshold
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Question 18 of 54

18. Question

People will drive two hours to see a concert by a famous performer, but they will rarely travel more than ten minutes to buy a gallon of milk. The maximum distance people are willing to travel to obtain a particular good or service is its

range
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threshold
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hinterland
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distance decay
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Question 19 of 54

19. Question

A sociologist studying 1920s Chicago described the city as a series of rings: a business core at the center, surrounded by a zone of factories and cheap rooming houses, then working-class homes, then middle-class residences, and finally a commuter zone at the edge. This model is the

sector model
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multiple-nuclei model
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concentric zone model
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galactic model
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Question 20 of 54

20. Question

A later study found that wealthy neighborhoods tend to extend outward from downtown in a wedge along a scenic boulevard or ridge, while industrial districts stretch out along railroads and rivers, so that land uses form pie-shaped slices rather than rings. This model is the

concentric zone model
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sector model
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multiple-nuclei model
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central place model
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Question 21 of 54

21. Question

Geographers studying Los Angeles observed that the city has no single dominant center; instead, separate nodes such as a port district, an airport, a university district, and several business centers each attract their own cluster of related activities. This model is the

sector model
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concentric zone model
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galactic model
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multiple-nuclei model
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Question 22 of 54

22. Question

A model of the modern American metropolis shows an older central city surrounded by a beltway, with edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, and airports scattered at highway interchanges around the ring, so that most economic activity now takes place in the suburbs. This model is the

galactic model
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multiple-nuclei model
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concentric zone model
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Latin American city model
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Question 23 of 54

23. Question

In downtown Manhattan, a square foot of office space costs ten times what it does five miles away, so only banks, law firms, and luxury retailers can afford to locate there, while warehouses and single-family homes are found farther out. The principle that land cost falls with distance from the center and determines what uses can afford each location is

the density gradient
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central place theory
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bid-rent theory
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the rank-size rule
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Question 24 of 54

24. Question

In the heart of a city stand its tallest office towers, its largest department stores, its main government buildings, and its busiest transit hubs, on land that commands the highest prices in the metropolitan area. This district is the

zone of transition
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central business district
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edge city
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urban core zone
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Question 25 of 54

25. Question

A model of cities such as Mexico City and Bogotá shows a wealthy commercial spine extending out from the center along a major boulevard to an elite residential sector, surrounded by rings of progressively older and poorer housing, with squatter settlements on the outer edge. This model is the

Southeast Asian city model
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sub-Saharan African city model
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sector model
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Latin American city model
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Question 26 of 54

26. Question

A model of cities such as Jakarta and Manila shows the city centered on a colonial port rather than a central business district, with a separate commercial zone dominated by Chinese merchants, a government zone, and newer industrial estates and squatter areas spreading outward. This model is the

Southeast Asian city model
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Latin American city model
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sub-Saharan African city model
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multiple-nuclei model
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Question 27 of 54

27. Question

A model of cities such as Nairobi and Lagos shows three separate central business districts (a colonial CBD of European-style office buildings, a traditional CBD of small shops and open-air markets, and a market zone), surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods and a wide ring of informal settlements. This model is the

Latin American city model
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Southeast Asian city model
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sub-Saharan African city model
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galactic model
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Question 28 of 54

28. Question

On the hillsides outside Rio de Janeiro, hundreds of thousands of people have built homes of brick, cinder block, and scrap metal on land they do not own, without legal permission, running water, sewers, or paved streets. These neighborhoods are

disamenity zones
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squatter settlements
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zones of transition
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ethnic enclaves
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Question 29 of 54

29. Question

In a Latin American city, the poorest residents are concentrated in a district along a polluted river where the government provides no police protection, garbage collection, or clean water, and where criminal gangs exercise more control than city officials. This area is a

zone of transition
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squatter settlement
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periférico
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disamenity zone
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Question 30 of 54

30. Question

A city council debates how to pay for repaving 400 miles of roads, replacing century-old water mains, expanding the sewage treatment plant, upgrading the electrical grid, and extending fiber-optic internet to every neighborhood. The physical systems under discussion are the city’s

zoning
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infrastructure
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built environment
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public amenities
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Question 31 of 54

31. Question

A city ordinance designates one district for single-family homes only, another for apartments, a third for shops and offices, and a fourth for factories and warehouses, and forbids building a factory next to a school. These regulations are

building codes
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inclusionary ordinances
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zoning
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regional planning
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Question 32 of 54

32. Question

A new project downtown combines ground-floor shops and restaurants, offices on the middle floors, apartments above, and a public plaza, so that residents can live, work, and shop without leaving the block. This type of development is

mixed-use development
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an edge city
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transit-oriented development
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infilling
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Question 33 of 54

33. Question

In a typical American metropolitan area, population density is highest near the downtown core, drops sharply through the inner suburbs, and falls to very low levels in the outer suburbs and exurbs. This pattern of declining density with distance from the center is the

bid-rent curve
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density gradient
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urban hierarchy
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concentric zone pattern
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Question 34 of 54

34. Question

Rather than approving a new subdivision on farmland at the edge of town, a city encourages builders to construct apartments and townhouses on vacant lots, abandoned parking areas, and underused parcels already inside the built-up area. This strategy is

sprawl
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decentralization
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urban renewal
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infilling
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Question 35 of 54

35. Question

A new neighborhood in Florida is built with narrow streets, front porches close to the sidewalk, a walkable town center, a mix of housing types, and homes within a five-minute walk of shops and a school, deliberately imitating the design of pre-automobile small towns. This neighborhood reflects the principles of

New Urbanism
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the galactic model
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regional planning
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urban renewal
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Incorrect
Question 36 of 54

36. Question

Maryland adopted a state policy directing public spending for roads, schools, and sewers only to existing communities and designated growth areas, while preserving farmland and open space and encouraging compact, transit-accessible development. This policy approach is

New Urbanism
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smart growth
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greenbelt planning
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zoning reform
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Question 37 of 54

37. Question

London is surrounded by a ring of protected countryside, several miles wide, in which new construction is severely restricted, so that the city’s growth has been forced to leapfrog to towns beyond the ring rather than spreading continuously outward. This protected ring is a

buffer zone
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exurb
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greenbelt
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density gradient
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Question 38 of 54

38. Question

Boulder, Colorado, limits the number of new housing permits issued each year, buys up surrounding open space, and caps building heights, deliberately holding down its population and keeping its small-town character even as demand to live there soars. Boulder is an example of a

boomburb
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slow-growth city
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primate city
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smart city
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Correct

Incorrect
Question 39 of 54

39. Question

Around a new light-rail station in Denver, the city has encouraged construction of mid-rise apartments, offices, and shops within a quarter mile of the platform, with reduced parking requirements, so that residents can commute by train rather than car. This development pattern is

mixed-use development
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infilling
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New Urbanism
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transit-oriented development
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Correct

Incorrect
Question 40 of 54

40. Question

A former steel mill on the riverfront, abandoned for 30 years and contaminated with heavy metals, is cleaned up by the city and redeveloped into a park, apartments, and a technology campus. The site, before redevelopment, was a

greenfield
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disamenity zone
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brownfield
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zone of transition
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Question 41 of 54

41. Question

Because commuters, pollution, and water supplies cross municipal boundaries every day, the governments of Portland, Oregon, and its two dozen surrounding cities and counties created a single elected body to coordinate transportation, land use, and growth boundaries for the entire metropolitan area. This approach is

zoning
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regional planning
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smart growth
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annexation
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Question 42 of 54

42. Question

To study poverty within Cincinnati, a researcher downloads data for the roughly 200 small statistical areas into which the Census Bureau divides the county, each containing about 4,000 people, which allows her to map income block by block rather than for the city as a whole. These small statistical units are

voting districts
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zoning districts
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census tracts
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metropolitan statistical areas
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Question 43 of 54

43. Question

A planning team studying a declining neighborhood combines census figures on vacancy rates and income with walking surveys of building conditions, photographs of storefronts, and interviews with residents about why they stay or leave. The census figures and the surveys and interviews are, respectively, examples of

qualitative and quantitative data
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quantitative and qualitative data
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primary and secondary data
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geospatial and demographic data
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Question 44 of 54

44. Question

In the 1930s, a federal agency drew maps of American cities marking mostly Black neighborhoods in red as “hazardous,” and banks refused to issue mortgages in those areas for decades, so that residents could not buy or improve homes while nearby white neighborhoods prospered. This practice is

blockbusting
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gerrymandering
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urban renewal
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redlining
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Incorrect
Question 45 of 54

45. Question

In the 1950s and 1960s, real estate agents in Chicago warned white homeowners that Black families were about to move into their neighborhood, persuaded them to sell quickly at low prices, and then resold the homes to Black buyers at much higher prices. This practice is

redlining
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blockbusting
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filtering
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housing discrimination
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Incorrect
Question 46 of 54

46. Question

Over 15 years, a formerly working-class neighborhood near downtown fills with renovated row houses, coffee shops, and young professionals, property values triple, and many long-time residents are forced out by rising rents and taxes. This process is

urban renewal
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infilling
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gentrification
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suburbanization
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Incorrect
Question 47 of 54

47. Question

In the 1950s, a city used federal funds to demolish an entire inner-city neighborhood of aging row houses and small businesses, displacing thousands of mostly low-income families, and replaced it with a highway interchange, a convention center, and high-rise public housing. This government program is an example of

gentrification
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urban renewal
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smart growth
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infilling
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Incorrect
Question 48 of 54

48. Question

A city requires that any developer building a new apartment complex of more than 20 units reserve at least 15 percent of the apartments for households earning less than the area’s median income, renting them at below-market rates. This policy is

inclusionary zoning
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rent control
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urban renewal
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exclusionary zoning
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Incorrect
Question 49 of 54

49. Question

A family earning $40,000 a year pays $1,000 a month for rent, which is 30 percent of their income, a level that leaves them enough for food, transportation, and other needs. Housing that costs a household no more than about 30 percent of its income is considered

subsidized housing
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public housing
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inclusionary housing
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affordable housing
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Question 50 of 54

50. Question

A house built for a wealthy family in 1910 is sold to a middle-class family in the 1940s, divided into apartments for working-class tenants in the 1970s, and by 2000 is a run-down rental in one of the city’s poorest neighborhoods. This process by which housing passes down to lower-income groups as it ages is

blockbusting
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filtering
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redlining
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gentrification
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect
Question 51 of 54

51. Question

A landlord tells a Hispanic couple that an apartment has already been rented, then shows the same unit to a white couple an hour later; a lender quotes a higher interest rate to a Black applicant than to a white applicant with the same credit score. These practices are examples of

blockbusting
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filtering
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housing discrimination
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

redlining
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Correct

Incorrect
Question 52 of 54

52. Question

Copenhagen aims to become carbon-neutral by expanding bike lanes, heating buildings with waste energy, planting green roofs, and designing new districts so that residents can meet daily needs without a car, while protecting the harbor’s water quality for future generations. The goal these policies pursue is

smart growth
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urban sustainability
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New Urbanism
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

regional planning
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Correct

Incorrect
Question 53 of 54

53. Question

Researchers calculate that supporting a resident of a large American city, including the food, energy, water, and goods consumed and the waste produced, requires about 20 acres of productive land, while a resident of Mumbai requires about 2. This measure of the land and resources needed to sustain a population is its

carrying capacity
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density gradient
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ecological footprint
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resource threshold
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Incorrect
Question 54 of 54

54. Question

On a summer night, a thermometer in downtown Phoenix reads 92°F while one in the desert 20 miles outside the city reads 80°F, because the city’s pavement, rooftops, and buildings absorb heat all day and release it slowly after dark. This phenomenon is the

greenhouse effect
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

thermal inversion
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

density gradient
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

urban heat island
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

Correct

Incorrect

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