In the early 20th century, American biologist Barbara McClintock conducted research on maize chromosomes, an area ______________ discovered transposons, mobile genetic elements that challenged the prevailing notion of static genomes; and laid the foundation for modern understanding of gene regulation and expression.

In astronomy, the term “Tatooine planet” refers to an exoplanet that orbits two stars simultaneously. Unlike the desert world Tatooine in the Star Wars fictional universe, which gave its name to the term, a twin-sunned planet is not a mere science fiction concept, ______________ exoplanets orbiting binary stars have been discovered recently.

In spite of being efficient, quiet, and environmentally friendly, ______________ they rely on scarce battery minerals and require extensive charging infrastructure.

Marine biologist Sylvia Earle and her team have discovered that up to 30 percent of the coral in deep-sea ecosystems is bioluminescent. These glowing organisms produce their light through a chemical reaction when microscopic molecules of luciferin interact with oxygen, ______________ a natural illumination that guides other species through the ocean depths.

The usefulness of the Rosetta Stone, most known for its role in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs ______________ limited to the field of linguistics: it is an important political document that provides valuable insight into Egypt’s complex administrative system at the time of its creation.

Claims about the cognitive benefits of classical music swept through American media in the 1990s, leading to widespread beliefs about music’s power to enhance intelligence. Later research in cognitive psychology revealed much more modest and limited effects than the initial excitement suggested. The popular belief surrounding classical music’s cognitive benefits, ______________ should be treated with skepticism.

Recent research into retail investor behavior has revealed interesting patterns in how stock price swings affect trading strategies. Analysis of thousands of trading accounts showed that investors tend to quickly sell stocks with unpredictable price movements. ______________ the correlation between holding time and volatility was lower than that between holding time and another factor studied: dividend yield

Dark matter theorists believed visible galaxies to be mere fragments of the universe’s total mass. In their view, this invisible, undetectable matter was the primary force shaping cosmic structure. Edwin Hubble disagreed, arguing that observable phenomena should drive our understanding of the cosmos; ______________ visible celestial objects are the key to comprehending universal mechanics.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Jaipur Literature Festival (founded in 2006) is a book festival and cultural event from India.
• It is best known for being the world’s largest free literary gathering.
• JLF launched in 2006 at the Diggi Palace, a historic venue that festival co-founder Namita Gokhale selected.
• The festival was praised for its democratic approach to literature and high-profile author appearances.
• JLF was recognized with the Excellence in Literary Programming Award by Publishers Weekly.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Cells differentiate when chemical signals cause specialized proteins to activate.
• A cell undergoing rapid specialization is called a progenitor cell.
• Senescence is a process in which a cell loses its ability to divide.
• A cell that no longer divides is called a senescent cell.
• A senescent cell has entered the post-mitotic phase.