While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

In 1835, the New York Sun published a series of articles claiming that a famous astronomer had discovered life on the moon.

The articles described elaborate lunar civilizations, including bat-winged humanoids and temples made of sapphire.

The stories were entirely fabricated but were presented as factual news reports.

The Sun’s circulation increased dramatically during the publication of the series.

The event is now known as the Great Moon Hoax.

The student wants to explain why the event received its name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

David Foster Wallace’s 1996 novel Infinite Jest is known for its unconventional structure, which includes nearly 400 endnotes that sometimes span multiple pages. Wallace believed that this format would allow readers to experience the fragmented nature of modern consciousness. ______ approach to storytelling has influenced many contemporary writers who experiment with nonlinear narrative techniques.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Text 1

Economist Richard Easterlin observed in 1974 that while wealthier individuals within a country tend to report higher levels of happiness than poorer individuals, increases in a nation’s overall wealth do not correspond to increases in its citizens’ average happiness. This finding, known as the Easterlin Paradox, suggests that once basic needs are met, additional income provides diminishing returns for well-being. Therefore, policymakers should focus less on economic growth and more on factors that directly improve quality of life, such as health care, leisure time, and social connections.

Text 2

The relationship between income and happiness is more nuanced than the Easterlin Paradox suggests. While it is true that happiness does not increase indefinitely with income, subsequent research has shown that the threshold at which money stops improving well-being is considerably higher than Easterlin estimated. Moreover, economic growth enables societies to fund the very programs—health care, education, social services—that directly improve quality of life. Abandoning growth as a policy goal would likely undermine the resources needed to support these initiatives.

Based on the texts, how would the author of Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined claim in Text 1?

Photorealism is a genre of painting ______ requires artists to replicate photographs with such precision that the finished works are often mistaken for actual photographs.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The following text is adapted from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1846 short story “The Birthmark.” Aylmer is a scientist married to a beautiful woman named Georgiana.

Aylmer had devoted himself too unreservedly to scientific studies to be weaned from them by any second passion. His love for his young wife might prove the stronger of the two; but it could only be by intertwining itself with his love of science and uniting the strength of the latter to his own. He had made discoveries in the elements and produced results which had roused the admiration of all the learned societies in Europe. Yet those who knew him best believed that his most splendid successes were but the merest playthings of his intellect, and that he might achieve far greater triumphs if he would but set his whole soul to the task.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

When Lyrical Abstraction emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the rigid geometry of Minimalism, artists associated with the movement shared a common ______ emotional expression through sweeping gestures and vibrant color mattered more than precise forms or clean lines.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Reported Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories Over Time

Psychologist Jennifer Talarico and her colleagues have studied “flashbulb memories,” the vivid recollections people form of significant public events. Talarico’s research examined how these memories change over time by comparing participants’ confidence in their memories with the verified accuracy of specific details. Her findings revealed a striking pattern: while people maintained high confidence in their flashbulb memories over extended periods, the actual accuracy of those memories declined substantially. For example, 85% of participants reported high confidence in their memories after three years, while only ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the text?

Several unusual properties—the ability to flow without any friction, to climb up the walls of its container, and to pass through microscopically small openings—______ liquid helium as one of the most remarkable substances studied in low-temperature physics; as a result, researchers continue to investigate its potential applications in quantum computing.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Physicists have long understood that empty space is not truly empty but contains fluctuating quantum fields that produce temporary particles. However, these vacuum fluctuations were assumed to have no measurable mechanical effects on objects in the physical world. Recently, however, physicist Davide Iannuzzi and colleagues conducted experiments using highly sensitive microelectromechanical devices to measure forces between two uncharged metal plates separated by only a few hundred nanometers, and the researchers concluded that vacuum energy produces a measurable attractive force between nearby objects—a phenomenon known as the Casimir effect.

Which finding about the microelectromechanical measurements, if true, would most directly support Iannuzzi and colleagues’ conclusion?

Many pinecones display a distinctive spiral pattern in which the scales radiate outward in two sets of interlocking spirals. Botanists studying these structures have found that the numbers of spirals running in each direction, which ______ to consecutive values in the Fibonacci sequence such as 8 and 13, result from a growth pattern that positions each new scale where it has the most room to develop.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?