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Unit 5 Vocabulary Quiz

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AP Biology Unit 5 Vocabulary

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Question 1 of 50

1. Question

Which of the following best defines an organism’s genome?

The observable physical traits expressed by an organism during its adult developmental stage.
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The specific collection of maternal alleles inherited during fertilization.
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The entire complement of genetic material in an organism, including both coding and non-coding sequences.
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Only the functional protein coding genes transcribed within nuclear chromatin.
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Question 2 of 50

2. Question

How does a gene function as the fundamental unit of heredity?

It is an epigenetic that permanently silences transposable elements across generations.
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It is a specific sequence of nucleotides along a DNA molecule that codes for a functional polypeptide or RNA.
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It is a random structural protein that packages chromatin threads inside the nuclear envelope.
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It is a cytoplasmic organelle responsible for translating amino acids into structural lipids.
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Question 3 of 50

3. Question

Flower color in a plant species is determined by a single locus with two alleles (for red and for white). An individual with the genetic combination is described by which of the following terms?

Phenotype
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Genome
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Karyotype
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Genotype
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Question 4 of 50

4. Question

Which of the following cellular events occurring during sexual reproduction directly maximizes genetic recombination in offspring?

Mitotic division of somatic cells to repair damage epithelial tissue.
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Crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
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Binary fission of prokaryotic chromosomes prior to cellular constriction.
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Symmetrical constriction of plasma membrane during cytokinesis.
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Question 5 of 50

5. Question

Which of the following processes primarily generates and maintains genetic variation within a sexually reproducing population?

Complete elimination of all heterozygous genotypes via stabilizing selection.
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Independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization.
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Environmental induction of uniform phenotypic changes in all somatic cells.
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Conservation of identical nucleotide sequences across all members of a species.
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Question 6 of 50

6. Question

Which of the following human cells is correctly classified as haploid ()?

Intestinal cell
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Zygote
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Secondary oocyte (egg)
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Skin cell
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Question 7 of 50

7. Question

A somatic cell from a diploid organism contains How many chromosomes will be present in a normal gamete produced by this organism?

96
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12
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48
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24
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Question 8 of 50

8. Question

During which specific stage of meiosis does homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome count from diploid to haploid?

Anaphase II
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Telophase II
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Metaphase I
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Anaphase I
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Question 9 of 50

9. Question

In humans and many other mammals, sex chromosomes are best defined as chromosomes that:

Occur in identical morphological pairs in both male and female somatic tissues.
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Contain exclusively non-coding repetitive satellite DNA that undergoes zero transcription.
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Are restricted strictly to haploid gametes and are completely absent in somatic cells.
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Determine the biological sex of an organism, exemplified by the X and Y chromosomes.
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Question 10 of 50

10. Question

In a karyotype of a normal human somatic cell, how many autosomes are present?

44
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22
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46
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2
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Question 11 of 50

11. Question

Which of the following best characterizes a pair of homologous chromosomes?

They consist exclusively of sex chromosomes (X and Y) found in somatic cells.
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They pair up and align during metaphase of mitosis to ensure equal separation of sister chromatids.
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They are genetically identical structures produced by DNA replication prior to cell division.
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They carry genes controlling the same inherited characters, with one chromosome inherited from each parent.
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Question 12 of 50

12. Question

How do alleles differ from genes?

Alleles are non-coding sequences of DNA that regulate the transcription of structural genes.
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Alleles are enzymes that catalyze the replication of DNA strands during interphase.
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Alleles are alternative versions of a gene that can account for variations in inherited characters.
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Alleles are physical structures composed of proteins that package DNA into chromatin fibers.
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Question 13 of 50

13. Question

A clinical geneticist uses a karyotype to evaluate a patient’s chromosomal makeup. What does a karyotype display?

An ordered display of an individual’s condensed chromosomes arranged in pairs by size, centromere position, and banding pattern.
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The complete sequence of base pairs in an individual’s haploid genome.
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The proportion of heterozygous to homozygous genotypes in a population.
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The rate of mutation across different functional gene loci over time.
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Question 14 of 50

14. Question

Which of the following cellular events occurs uniquely during Meiosis I and not during Meiosis II or mitosis?

Condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes.
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Alignment of individual chromosomes along the metaphase plate.
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Separation of homologous chromosomes, reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
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Separation of sister chromatid toward opposite poles of the cell.
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Question 15 of 50

15. Question

Mechanistically, Meiosis II is most similar to which of the following cellular processes?

Interphase, because the DNA content is doubled prior to division
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Meiosis I, because homologous pairs undergo crossing over
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Binary fission, because circular DNA molecules replicate without a spindle apparatus.
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Mitosis, because sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes.
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Question 16 of 50

16. Question

Crossing over requires physical interaction and breakage between which of the following structures?

Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
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Sister chromatids of the same replicate chromosome.
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Non-homologous chromosomes located in different nuclei.
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Sex chromosomes and autosomes during anaphase I.
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Question 17 of 50

17. Question

During which specific phase of meiosis does crossing over take place?

Interphase – G1
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Metaphase II
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Telophase II
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Prophase I
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Question 18 of 50

18. Question

Genetic recombination resulting from meiosis contributes to diversity primarily through:

The direct translation of mutated proteins in somatic cells.
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The conservation of identical allele frequencies across generations.
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The physical exchange of DNA segments during crossing over and the independent assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
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The elimination of all non-coding DNA sequences from the gametic genome.
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Question 19 of 50

19. Question

Which of the following describes the ploidy and function of gametes in sexually reproducing animals?

Haploid reproductive cells that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
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Diploid somatic cells that undergo mitosis to repair damaged tissues.
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Unicellular organisms that reproduce exclusively via asexual binary fission.
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Polyploid cells that store nutritional reserves for embryonic development.
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Question 20 of 50

20. Question

What is the primary genetic consequence of nondisjunction occurring during meiosis?

The production of gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers (aneuploidy), such as monosomy or trisomy.
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An increase in the rate of successful crossing over events.
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The complete duplication of the entire diploid genome in all resulting gametes.
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The permanent silencing of all autosomal genes.
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Question 21 of 50

21. Question

Which term describes the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell during fertilization?

Gamete
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Zygote
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Blastocyst
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Spore
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Question 22 of 50

22. Question

What term refers to an allele that determines the phenotype of an organism when two different alleles are present in a heterozygous individual?

Recessive
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Codominant
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Dominant
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Epistatic
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Question 23 of 50

23. Question

Which term describes an allele that has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance unless two copies are present in the genotype?

Dominant
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Recessive
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Wild-type
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Pleiotropic
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Question 24 of 50

24. Question

Which experimental mating tracks only a single character or trait (such as pea plant flower color) between parents carrying different alleles for that trait?

Dihybrid cross
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Testcross
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Reciprocal cross
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Monohybrid cross
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Question 25 of 50

25. Question

Mendel’s first law states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. What is this principle called?

Law of independent assortment
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Law of segregation
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Chromosomal theory of inheritance
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Principle of linkage
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Question 26 of 50

26. Question

Which term describes a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci?

Sister chromatids
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Non-sister chromatids
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Homologous
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Autosomal
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Question 27 of 50

27. Question

What term describes an organism that has two different alleles for a given gene locus (Aa)?

Homozygous
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Heterozygous
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Hemizygous
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Polyploid
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Question 28 of 50

28. Question

What branch of mathematics, foundational to predicting genetic outcomes, measures the likelihood that a particular event will occur, expressed on a scale from to 0 to 1 ?

Statistics
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Probability
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Calculus
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Algebra
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Question 29 of 50

29. Question

Which statistical rule states that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring is calculated by adding their individual probabilities?

Multiplication rule of probability
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Chi-square test
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Addition rule of probability
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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Question 30 of 50

30. Question

Which statistical rule states that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is determined by multiplying their individual probabilities?

Addition rule of probability
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Multiplication rule of probability
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Chi-square test
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Law of segregation
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Question 31 of 50

31. Question

Which statistical test is used in genetics to determine whether an experimental set of observed phenotypic counts significantly deviates from the counts expected under a theoretical null hypothesis (such as a Mendelian ratio)?

Chi-square test
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T-test
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Standard Error of the Mean
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Standard Deviation
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Question 32 of 50

32. Question

Mendel’s second law states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation, provided the genes are on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. What is this called?

Law of segregation
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Law of independent assortment
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Chromosomal crossover rule
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Principle of dominance
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Question 33 of 50

33. Question

Which type of experimental cross tracks the simultaneous inheritance of two different characters, such as seed color and seed shape?

Monohybrid cross
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Testcross
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Dihybrid cross
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Reciprocal cross
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Question 34 of 50

34. Question

Which of the following diagrammatic tools is used by geneticists to trace the inheritance of traits across multiple generations within a family tree?

Karyotype
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Pedigree
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Punnett square
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Cladogram
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Question 35 of 50

35. Question

In snapdragons, crossing a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant produces pink-flowered offspring. This phenomenon, where the heterozygote displays an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes, is known as:

Codominance
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Complete dominance
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Incomplete dominance
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Epistasis
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Question 36 of 50

36. Question

The human ABO blood group system includes the IA and IB alleles, where both alleles are fully and simultaneously expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote (IA IB). What inheritance pattern does this illustrate?

Incomplete dominance
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Codominance
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Polygenic inheritance
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Pleiotropy
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Question 37 of 50

37. Question

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a single gene mutation that affects connective tissue, leading to multiple phenotypic effects including tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular complications. This ability of a single gene to influence multiple unrelated phenotypic traits is called:

Polygenic inheritance
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Epistasis
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Pleiotropy
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Linkage
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Question 38 of 50

38. Question

Genes located on either the X or Y chromosome (such as the gene for red-green color blindness on the X chromosome) are referred to as:

Autosomal genes
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Linked genes
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Sex-linked genes
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Epigenetic factors
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Question 39 of 50

39. Question

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together during cell division and are known as:

Linked genes
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Sex-linked genes
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Complementary genes
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Pleiotropic genes
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Question 40 of 50

40. Question

The process of determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies (measured in map units or centimorgans) is called:

DNA sequencing
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Genetic mapping
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Karyotyping
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Gene cloning
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Question 41 of 50

41. Question

Mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA are typically inherited exclusively from the mother because the egg cell contributes virtually all of the cytoplasm to the zygote. What is this mode of inheritance called?

Paternal inheritance
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Mendelian inheritance
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Maternal inheritance
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Autosomal recessive inheritance
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Question 42 of 50

42. Question

A rare mode of organelle DNA transmission where genetic material from cytoplasmic organelles is contributed exclusively by the male parent during fertilization is known as:

Maternal inheritance
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Paternal inheritance
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X-linked inheritance
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Epigenetic inheritance
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Question 43 of 50

43. Question

The ability of an organism with a given genotype to alter its phenotypic expression in response to changes in environmental conditions (such as temperature, pH, or diet) is called:

Genetic drift
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Phenotypic plasticity
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Natural selection
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Mutation rate
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Question 44 of 50

44. Question

Which of the following best characterizes Y-linked genes in humans and other mammals?

They are found in equal numbers in male and female somatic cells.
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They are passed exclusively from father to son because females lack a Y chromosome.
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They undergo high rates of homologous recombination with the X chromosome during meiosis I.
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They determine female secondary sex characteristics during embryonic development.
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Question 45 of 50

45. Question

What term describes an organism that is homozygous for specific traits and consistently produces offspring with the same phenotype when bred with another of the same genotype?

Hybrid
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Purebred
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Heterozygous
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Aneuploid
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Question 46 of 50

46. Question

In mice, coat color is determined by two loci. One gene determines pigment color (black B vs. brown C), but a second gene (C) determines whether the pigment is deposited in the hair shaft at all (cc results in albino mice regardless of the B locus). This interaction, where one gene alters the phenotypic expression of a separate gene, is called:a

Pleiotropy
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Codominance
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Epistasis
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Incomplete dominance
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Question 47 of 50

47. Question

The study of patterns of inheritance that adhere strictly to Gregor Mendel’s fundamental laws—such as the segregation of alleles and independent assortment—is known as:

Non-mendelian genetics
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Population genetics
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Epigenetics
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Mendelian genetics
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Question 48 of 50

48. Question

Inheritance patterns that do not conform to predictable simple dominant-recessive ratios—such as incomplete dominance, codominance, polygenic inheritance, and organelle inheritance—are collectively classified under:

Mendelian genetics
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Non-Mendelian genetics
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Cytogenetics
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Mitochondrial genetics
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Question 49 of 50

49. Question

Which chromosomal condition involves an organism possessing three or more complete sets of chromosomes (, etc.) rather than the typical diploid number?

Aneuploidy
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Trisomy
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Polyploidy
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Monosomy
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Question 50 of 50

50. Question

Down syndrome is typically caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal pair (). This specific type of chromosomal abnormality is known as:

Trisomy
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Monosomy
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Triploidy
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Deletion
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