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Unit 2 Vocabulary Quiz

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AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary:
Cells

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Question 1 of 52

1. Question

Which fundamental biological unifying concept states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

Endosymbiotic theory
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Cell theory
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Central dogma
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Gene theory
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Question 2 of 52

2. Question

Which process refers to the maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment despite changes in external conditions?

Thermoregulation
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Osmoregulation
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Homeostasis
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Thermodynamics
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Question 3 of 52

3. Question

Which term encompasses the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways?

Respiration
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Glycolysis
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Metabolism
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Bioenergetics
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Question 4 of 52

4. Question

Which metabolic pathway involves the degradation of complex molecules into simpler compounds, releasing stored energy?

Dehydration synthesis
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Condensation
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Catabolism
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Anabolism
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Question 5 of 52

5. Question

Which metabolic pathway consumes energy to construct complex macromolecules from simpler molecular building blocks?

Anabolism
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Hydrolysis
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Catabolism
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Fermentation
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Question 6 of 52

6. Question

Which type of organism lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound intracellular organelles?

Protist
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Prokaryote
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Eukaryote
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Animals
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Question 7 of 52

7. Question

Which classification describes an organism whose cells contain a distinct, membrane-enclosed nucleus and internal compartmentalized organelles?

Prokaryote
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Bacterium
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Archeon
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Eukaryote
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Question 8 of 52

8. Question

What is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of biological classification?

Domain
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Phylum
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Clade
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Kingdom
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Question 9 of 52

9. Question

Which biological domain consists of unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan and membrane lipids composed of unbranched fatty acids linked by ester bonds?

Bacteria
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Archaea
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Eukarya
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Protista
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Question 10 of 52

10. Question

Which domain contains single-celled prokaryotes often inhabiting extreme environments, possessing distinct membrane lipids with ether linkages and molecular machinery more similar to eukaryotes?

Archaea
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Viruses
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Bacteria
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Eukarya
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Question 11 of 52

11. Question

Which domain encompasses all organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organized intracellular organelles, including protists, fungi, plants, and animals?

Bacteria
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Archaea
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Eukarya
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Monera
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Question 12 of 52

12. Question

Which physical parameter limits maximum cell size because volume increases faster than boundary size, restricting exchange efficiency across the plasma membrane?

Surface area
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Membrane potential
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Cytoplasmic volume
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Osmotic pressure
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Question 13 of 52

13. Question

Which small, membrane-enclosed sac functions as a transport carrier moving proteins and lipids between cellular compartments or to the cell exterior?

Vacuole
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Ribosome
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Peroxisome
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Vesicle
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Question 14 of 52

14. Question

Which interconnected group of intracellular membranes and organelles works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins throughout eukaryotic cells?

Endomembrane system
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Electron transport chain
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Cytoskeletal network
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Extracellular matrix
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Question 15 of 52

15. Question

Which double-membrane structure encloses the eukaryotic nucleus and contains specialized pores regulating passage of RNA and proteins?

Cell wall
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Plasma membrane
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Nuclear envelope
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Nucleolus
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Question 16 of 52

16. Question

Which extensive network of membranous tubules and sacs functions in protein folding and membrane lipid synthesis within eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplast
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Mitochondrion
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Microtubule
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Question 17 of 52

17. Question

Which organelle consists of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) that chemically modify, sort, and package proteins for final cellular destinations?

Peroxisome
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Chloroplast
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Ribosome
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Golgi apparatus
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Question 18 of 52

18. Question

Which membrane-bound organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes used to digest intracellular waste, macromolecules, and worn-out organelles?

Plasmodesmata
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Lysosome
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Peroxisome
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Centrosome
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Question 19 of 52

19. Question

Which mechanical force results from water influx pressing the plant cell plasma membrane tightly against the rigid cell wall?

Suction pressure
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Turgor pressure
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Root pressure
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Surface tension
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Question 20 of 52

20. Question

Which large membrane-bound sac stores nutrients, water, and inorganic ions, providing structural support in plant cells?

Nucleosome
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Mitochondrion
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Nucleolus
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Vacuole
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Question 21 of 52

21. Question

Which physical parameter represents the total three-dimensional internal space occupied by a cell, which increases much faster than surface area as cell dimensions expand?

Surface area
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Concentration gradient
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Volume
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Membrane potential
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Question 22 of 52

22. Question

Which passive physical process describes the net movement of solute particles down their concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration?

Endocytosis
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Diffusion
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Active transport
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Phosphorylation
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Question 23 of 52

23. Question

Which primary structural foundation of cellular membranes consists of two opposing sheets of amphipathic phospholipids arranged hydrophobic-tails-inward?

Cell wall
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Cytosol
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Cytoskeletal filament
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Lipid bilayer
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Question 24 of 52

24. Question

Which functional class of membrane proteins facilitates the movement of specific hydrophilic ions or polar molecules across the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane?

Transport protein
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Enzymatic protein
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Receptor protein
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Anchoring protein
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Question 25 of 52

25. Question

Which type of membrane protein binds to specific extracellular signaling ligands, triggering intracellular signal transduction without transporting the ligand across the membrane?

Receptor protein
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Channel protein
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Transport protein
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Peripheral protein
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Question 26 of 52

26. Question

Which general category of membrane proteins is permanently inserted into the phospholipid bilayer, with nonpolar region interactions penetrating into the hydrophobic core?

Extracellular matrix
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Cytoskeleton protein
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Integral membrane protein
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peripheral membrane protein
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Question 27 of 52

27. Question

Which specific type of integral protein spans completely across the lipid bilayer, exposing peptide domain sections to both extracellular fluid and cytosol?

Transmembrane protein
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Glycoprotein subunit
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Peripheral membrane protein
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Glycolipid subunit
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Question 28 of 52

28. Question

Which plasma membrane component consists of a carbohydrate covalently bonded to a lipid, functioning primarily in cell recognition and membrane stability?

Lipoprotein
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Phospholipid
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Glycolipid
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Glycoprotein
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Question 29 of 52

29. Question

Which membrane conjugate consists of short carbohydrate chains covalently linked to membrane proteins, serving as molecular tags for cell-cell recognition?

Glycolipid
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Glycoprotein
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Proteoglycan
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Peptidoglycan
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Question 30 of 52

30. Question

Which conceptual model describes the plasma membrane as a dynamic structure of phospholipids that move laterally, embedded with a mosaic of diverse proteins?

Davson-Danielli model
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Unit membrane model
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Fluid mosaic model
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Endosymbiotic model
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Question 31 of 52

31. Question

Which property of biological membranes allows certain small or nonpolar substances to pass through freely while restricting larger or charged substances?

Active potential
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selective permeability
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impermeability
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fluidity index
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Question 32 of 52

32. Question

Which term describes a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases, representing potential energy that drives solute movement?

Concentration gradient
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Osmotic pressure
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Dynamic equilibrium
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Electrochemical potential
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Question 33 of 52

33. Question

Which cellular transport process moves substances across a biological membrane down their concentration gradient without metabolic energy expenditure?

Cotransport
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Secondary active transport
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Primary active transport
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Passive transport
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Question 34 of 52

34. Question

Which process describes the passive movement of specific polar or charged molecules across a membrane aided by specialized transmembrane proteins?

Facilitated diffusion
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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Simple diffusion
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Primary active transport
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Question 35 of 52

35. Question

Which type of transport protein provides a hydrophilic pore spanning the membrane, allowing specific ions or water molecules to flow rapidly through?

Carrier protein
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Proton pump
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Peripheral protein
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Channel protein
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Question 36 of 52

36. Question

Which transmembrane protein binds to a specific solute and undergoes a conformational shape change to translocate the solute across the lipid bilayer?

Anchor protein
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Carrier protein
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Channel protein
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Receptor protein
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Question 37 of 52

37. Question

Which specialized transmembrane channel protein significantly increases the rate of osmotic water movement across biological membranes?

Sodium-potassium pump
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Aquaporin
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Ion gated channel
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Receptor protein
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Question 38 of 52

38. Question

Which process requires ATP hydrolysis to move sodium ions against their electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane?

Active transport
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Osmosis
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Facilitated diffusion
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Simple diffusion
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Question 39 of 52

39. Question

A pancreatic cell synthesizes insulin and releases it into the extracellular space via vesicle fusion. Which cellular mechanism is being utilized?

Phagocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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Pinocytosis
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Question 40 of 52

40. Question

Macrophages internalize whole pathogenic bacteria into intracellular vacuoles for destruction. Which transport pathway executes this process?

Exocytosis
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Facilitated transport
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Cotransport
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Endocytosis
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Question 41 of 52

41. Question

To calculate solute potential using Ψ_s = −iCRT, which unit measurement represents the variable C?

Molarity
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Calories
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Molality
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Pressure
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Question 42 of 52

42. Question

When aquaporins allow net movement of uncharged water molecules across a lipid membrane toward an area of higher solute concentration, which passive transport phenomenon is occurring?

Bulk flow
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Osmosis
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Active transport
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Exocytosis
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Question 43 of 52

43. Question

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane due to differences in solute potential and pressure potential is referred to as

Osmosis
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Bulk flow
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Active transport
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Water potential
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Question 44 of 52

44. Question

Which property measures the ability of an extracellular solution to alter the volume of a cell by inducing water influx or efflux?

Temperature
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Tonicity
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Hydrophobicity
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Electronegativity
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Question 45 of 52

45. Question

What happens to a mammalian red blood cell placed into a hypertonic salt solution?

It shrivels due to net water loss
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It swells and lyses due to net water influx
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It maintains dynamic equilibrium with no net water flow
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It actively transports solute particles into its cytoplasm.
Correct Incorrect Correct answer

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Question 46 of 52

46. Question

An intravenous fluid administered to patients must be isotonic to human blood plasma. What condition characterizes an isotonic solution?

Higher pressure potential than the intracellular solution.
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Zero solute potential equal to pure distilled water.
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Lower solute concentration than the intracellular solution.
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Equal effective solute concentration relative to the cell cytoplasm.
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Question 47 of 52

47. Question

How does adding sucrose to a sample of pure water affect its solute potential (Ψ_s)?

It increases the pressure potential.
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It keeps solute potential constant at zero.
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It increases solute potential to a positive value.
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It decreases solute potential to a value less than zero.
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Question 48 of 52

48. Question

Freshwater unicellular organisms like Paramecium use contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water entering from their environment. Which homeostatic process does this exemplify?

Chemiosmosis
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Plasmolysis
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Facilitated diffusion
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Osmoregulation
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Question 49 of 52

49. Question

Which term describes an extracellular environment that has a lower concentration of non-penetrating solutes compared to the cell cytoplasm, causing water to move into the cell?

Hypotonic
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Plasmolyzed
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Isotonic
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Hypertonic
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Question 50 of 52

50. Question

Which component of total water potential is proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules and is always zero or negative?

Pressure potential
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Solute potential
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Potential energy
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Ionization constant
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Question 51 of 52

51. Question

Which term describes an ecologically close, long-term interaction between two distinct biological organisms of different species?

Symbiosis
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Coevolution
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Endosymbiosis
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Adaptive radiation
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Question 52 of 52

52. Question

Which term describes a specialized biological relationship in which one organism lives internally within the cell or body of another host organism?

Commensalism
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Ectosymbiosis
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Phagocytosis
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Endosymbiosis
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